When was kyoto protocol made

A new round of negotiations was launched, culminating at COP 7 with the adoption of the Marrakesh Accords, setting out detailed rules for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, the Marrakesh Accords made considerable progress regarding the implementation of the Convention.

As it had not made this declaration when the Protocol was adopted, Kazakhstan does not have an emissions target listed for it in Annex B. The Protocol includes provisions for the review of its commitments, so that these can be strengthened over time. To achieve their targets, Annex I Parties must put in place domestic policies and measures. The Protocol provides an indicative list of policies and measures that might help mitigate climate change and promote sustainable development.

However, only certain activities are eligible. These are afforestation, reforestation and deforestation defined as eligible by the Kyoto Protocol and forest management, cropland management, grazing land management and revegetation added to the list of eligible activities by the Marrakesh Accords. Greenhouse gases removed from the atmosphere through eligible sink activities generate credits known as removal units RMUs. Any greenhouse gas emissions from eligible activities, in turn, must be offset by greater emission cuts or removals elsewhere.

The amount of credit that can be claimed through forest management, for example, is subject to an individual cap for each Party, which is listed in the Marrakesh Accords. The Protocol also establishes three innovative economic and market mechanisms, which are joint implementation, the clean development mechanism and emissions trading. These are designed to help Annex I Parties cut the cost of meeting their emissions targets by taking advantage of opportunities to reduce emissions, or increase greenhouse gas removals, that cost less in other countries than at home.

Any Annex I Party that has ratified the Protocol may use the mechanisms to help meet its emissions target, provided that it is complying with its methodological and reporting obligations under the Protocol. Under joint implementation, an Annex I Party may implement a project that reduces emissions e. In practice, joint implementation projects are most likely to take place in EITs, where there tends to be more scope for cutting emissions at low cost.

It does not matter where emissions are reduced, as long as they are removed from the atmosphere. This has the parallel benefits of stimulating green investment in developing countries and including the private sector in this endeavour to cut and hold steady GHG emissions at a safe level. It also makes leap-frogging—that is, the possibility of skipping the use of older, dirtier technology for newer, cleaner infrastructure and systems, with obvious longer-term benefits—more economical.

The Kyoto Protocol also established a rigorous monitoring, review and verification system, as well as a compliance system to ensure transparency and hold Parties to account.

Under the Protocol, countries' actual emissions have to be monitored and precise records have to be kept of the trades carried out. Registry systems track and record transactions by Parties under the mechanisms.

The UN Climate Change Secretariat, based in Bonn, Germany, keeps an international transaction log to verify that transactions are consistent with the rules of the Protocol. Reporting is done by Parties by submitting annual emission inventories and national reports under the Protocol at regular intervals. A compliance system ensures that Parties are meeting their commitments and helps them to meet their commitments if they have problems doing so.

Adaptation The Kyoto Protocol, like the Convention, is also designed to assist countries in adapting to the adverse effects of climate change. It facilitates the development and deployment of technologies that can help increase resilience to the impacts of climate change. The Adaptation Fund was established to finance adaptation projects and programmes in developing countries that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. In the first commitment period, the Fund was financed mainly with a share of proceeds from CDM project activities.

Under Kyoto, industrialised nations pledged to cut their yearly emissions of carbon, as measured in six greenhouse gases, by varying amounts, averaging 5. However, the protocol didn't become international law until more than halfway through the — period.

By that point, global emissions had risen substantially. Some countries and regions, including the European Union, were on track by to meet or exceed their Kyoto goals, but other large nations were falling woefully short.

And the two biggest emitters of all — the United States and China — churned out more than enough extra greenhouse gas to erase all the reductions made by other countries during the Kyoto period.